Fort Charlotte is located in McCormick County, South Carolina beneath the waters of the Strom Thurmond Lake. It was named for the reigning queen at the time. The Fort was made mostly of granite quarried from across the Savannah River. Construction began in the summer of 1765 and took a couple of years to complete because of structural complications as well as the constant threat of attack by the Creek Native Americans. The Fort measured approximately 170 foot squared with bastions at every corner and a wall height of between 10 and 20 feet. The Fort was built for defensive purposes—to protect local settlers, as opposed to being a trading fort, meant for Native American/ European trading. Almost as soon as the Fort was completed the British Royal (Federal) government abandoned the Fort by placing it under the care and authority of the South Carolina government. During that time (1768) several forts were closed in the area, and in many cases guns, cannon, powder, bullets and other military supplies were sent to Fort Charlotte for safe keeping.
These same supplies were later used by Patriot forces against Carolina Backcountry Tories and in at least one case these supplies found their way into a major battle—the Second Siege of Fort Ninety-Six.
At the same time the Fort was housing war supplies, the Patriots were meeting with leaders of the Cherokee at Fort Charlotte in an attempt to sway the Cherokee in their favor. The “good talks” however did not work and South Carolina entered the Revolutionary War with the English and the Cherokee opposing them.
Also worthy of note is that the Fort housed an undisclosed number of Prisoners-of-War. Exactly how many is unclear, but given the number of individuals loyal to the King that lived in the Carolina Backcountry, their numbers could have been numerous. The fate of the Fort after the Revolution is unclear, but certainly by the great flood, called the “Yazoo Freshet” of 1797, the standing walls would have been mostly leveled. This did not end the history of the Fort.
After the Revolution the Fort became a popular spot for gentlemen to settle their differences via dueling. Several texts have referred to Fort Charlotte as “that popular old spot for dueling.” Evidence suggests that there were about 10 known duels there. The most famous of the duels to occur there was the Crawford-Van Alen duel, in which Van Alen was shot dead by future Georgia senator William H. Crawford. The grievance between Crawford and Van Alen was over land schemes which eventually culminated in the Supreme Court case Worchester v Georgia.
At the end of the Civil War, Confederate President Davis and some of his cabinet fled through South Carolina into Georgia crossing the Savannah River at Fort Charlotte. Also with Davis was the Confederate seal and a substantial portion of the treasury. The treasury has yet to be found, but it is not beyond reason to think that perhaps the treasury was stashed at Fort Charlotte. An archaeological survey was conducted at the site in the 1950s, but, strangely, all of the artifacts were lost, and the official report was not released until after the death of the primary archaeologist. It was shortly thereafter that the lake was built and the site of Fort Charlotte flooded.
Abbreviations “Gibbes”…………………….. R. W. Gibbes. Documentary History of the American Revolution. Volume 1. First published 1855. Spartanburg, SC: The Reprint Company, 1972. Primary Sources Anonymous to William Henry Drayton September 12, 1775. Cited from Gibbes. Anderson, David. Affidavit of Edward Morrow September 9, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
Affidavit of Joseph Wofford September 11, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
Brown, Gary. “Archaeologists Delve Into Remains of Fort Charlotte Near Clark Hill.” The Greenville News. Greenville, SC: Sunday, February 10, 1952. . Drayton, William Henry. Affidavit of Jonathon Clark August 21, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
William H. Drayton to the Council of Safety August 21, 1775.; August 30, 1775.;
September 11, 1775. Cited from Gibbes. Drayton, William Henry and William Tennent to the Council of Safety August 24, 1775. Cited from Gibbes. Edmonds, B.F. Newsletter to Society Members. McCormick, SC: McCormick County Historical Society, January 17, 1972. Hemphill, William Edwin, editor. Extracts from the Journals of the Provincial Congress of South Carolina, 1775-1776. Columbia, SC: South Carolina Archives Department, 1960. Manuscrpit Plat of Fort Charlotte April 10, 1765.; Resurvey Plat May 26, 1783. Cited from Nora Marshal Davis. “Fort Charlotte on Savannah River and its Significance in the American Revolution.” First published 1949. McCormick, SC: McCormick County Historical Commission, McCormick County Historical Society, 1976. Mayson, James to William Thomson July 18, 1775.; Return of Artillery, Ammunition and Stores at Fort Charlotte May 20, 1775, July 13, 1775.; Cited from “The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine.” Volume 1, Number 1, January 1900. Charleston, SC: Walker, Evans and Cogswell Company, 1900. “The McCormick Messenger.” Revolution Lives Again at Mt. Carmel July 11. McCormick, SC: Thursday July 1, 1976.; McLean, Andrew to William Henry Drayton September 12, 1775. Cited from Gibbes. Polk, Ezekiel. Affidavit of Zachariah Bell August 18, 1775. Cited from Gibbes. Richardson, Richard to William Henry Drayton November 27, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
Richard Richardson to Henry Laurens January 2, 1776. Cited from Gibbes.
Sheally, Stan. “Dramatization Begins Bicentennial Celebration.” The Greenville News. Thursday July 10, 1975. South Carolina Gazette. February 2–9, 9-16, 16-23, 1760. Found online. <http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lynneb/LCmass.nwspr.html> Accessed September 14, 2009. Tennent, William to Henry Laurens August 20, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
William Tennent to the Council of Safety September 1, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
William Tennent to John Caldwell September, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
Tennent, William. Journal. September 1–3, 1775. Cited from Gibbes. Williamson, Andrew to the Council of Safety October 16, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
Andrew Williamson to William Henry Drayton November 25, 1775. Cited from Gibbes.
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